Ad Reinhardt, American Abstract Expressionist Painter

Ad Reinhardt (December 24, 1913 - August 30, 1967) was an American abstract expressionist artist who sought to create what he called, absolute abstraction. The result was a series of works known as the Black Paintings, which consisted of geometrical shapes in subtle shades of black and near-black. Fast Facts: Ad Reinhardt Full Name: Adolph Frederick Reinhardt Occupation: PainterBorn: December 24, 1913 in Buffalo, New YorkDied: August 30, 1967 in New York, New YorkSpouse: Rita ZiprkowskiChild: Anna ReinhardtSelected Works: Untitled (1936), Study for a Painting (1938), Black Paintings (1953-1967)Notable Quote: Only a bad artist thinks he has a good idea. A good artist does not need anything. Early Life and Education Ad Reinhardt was born in Buffalo, New York, but moved to New York City with his family at a young age. He was an outstanding student and showed an interest in visual art. During high school, Reinhardt illustrated his schools newspaper. Upon applying to college, he turned down multiple scholarship offers from art schools and enrolled in the art history program at Columbia University. At Columbia, Ad Reinhardt studied under the art historian Mayer Schapiro. He also became good friends with theologian Thomas Merton and poet Robert Lax. The three all embraced approaches to simplicity in their specific disciplines. Untitled (1936). The Pace Gallery Works Progress Administration Work Shortly after graduation from Columbia, Reinhardt became one of the few abstract artists hired in the Federal Arts Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). There he met other prominent 20th-century American artists including Willem de Kooning and Arshile Gorky. His work of the period also demonstrated the impact of Stuart Davis experiments with geometric abstraction. While working for the WPA, Ad Reinhardt also became a member of the American Abstract Artists group. They were profoundly influential in the development of the avant-garde in the U.S. In 1950, Reinhardt joined the group of artists known as The Irascibles who protested that the Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art in New York was not modern enough. Jackson Pollock, Barnett Newman, Hans Hofmann, and Mark Rothko were part of the group. John Loengard / Getty Images Absolute Abstraction and the Black Paintings Ad Reinhardts work was non-representational from the beginning. However, his paintings show a distinctive progression from visual complexity to simple compositions of geometrical shapes in shades of the same color. By the 1950s, the work began approaching what Reinhardt called absolute abstraction. He believed that much of the abstract expressionism of the era was too full of emotional content and the impact of the artists ego. He aimed to create paintings with no emotion or narrative content at all. Although he was part of the movement, Reinhardts ideas often ran counter to those of his contemporaries. In the latter part of the 1950s, Ad Reinhardt began work on the Black Paintings that would define the rest of his career. He took inspiration from Russian art theorist Kazimir Malevich, who created the work Black Square in 1915, referred to as the, zero point of painting. Malevich described an art movement focused on simple geometric shapes and a limited color palette that he called suprematism. Reinhardt expanded on the ideas in his theoretical writings, saying that he was creating, the last paintings one can make. While many of Reinhardts black paintings look flat and monochrome upon first glance, they reveal multiple shades and intriguing complexity when viewed close up. Among the techniques used to create the works was the siphoning of oil from the pigments used that resulted in a delicate finish. Unfortunately, the method also made the paintings challenging to preserve and maintain without damaging the surface. Black Series #6. U.S. Department of State embassy collections Despite the purging of all references to the outside world in his paintings, Ad Reinhardt insisted that his art could impact society and bring about positive change. He saw art as an almost mystical force in the world. Legacy The paintings of Ad Reinhardt remain an essential conceptual link between abstract expressionism and the minimalist art of the 1960s and beyond. Although his fellow expressionists often criticized his work, many of the most prominent artists of the next generation saw Reinhardt as a vital leader pointing toward the future of painting. Ad Reinhardt in Museum of Modern Art exhibition of his paintings. Robert R. McElroy / Getty Images Ad Reinhardt began to teach art in 1947 at Brooklyn College. Teaching, including a stint at Yale University, was a significant part of his work for the next 20 years until his death from a massive heart attack in 1967. Source Reinhardt, Ad. Ad Reinhardt. Rizzoli International, 1991.

Adam James - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2274 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Serial Killer Essay Did you like this example? On July 2018, Adam James committed suicide in prison. He was a sexually motivated serial killer. His looks had made him an object of mockery during his childhood, and even success in his career did not help in making any woman want to be in a relationship with him. He grew up with bitterness and blamed all the women in his life for his suffering. He, therefore, decided to find pleasure in punishing the women by torturing, raping and killing his victims. Adam James was born in 1976 in a small village in Texas. Adam had a normal relationship with his birth parents. They loved and cared for him like they did his siblings. His brother and two sisters were very good looking, but Adams looks were the exact opposite. However, his parents did not treat him any different. All this changed when his parents got a divorce when he was just ten years old. His father took full custody of him and his younger sister May. A year later, his father remarried. His new stepmother had three children of her own. His stepmother mistreated him and called him names just because he was ugly. To avoid annoying his new wife, Adams father watched in silence as his son got scarred for life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Adam James" essay for you Create order High school life is usually difficult for those who are unpopular. Adam was ridiculed and made fun of by boys his age. His seniors bullied him making it his worst nightmare. Life became a little bearable when Sheila, one of the popular girls started paying attention to him. They went out for movies, and she even asked him to accompany her to prom. However, on prom night, she showed up holding Adams half-brothers hand. When he demanded an explanation, she laughed saying she had been making fun of him all this while. The trauma and the embarrassment he suffered that day reminded him that his looks were always going to be part of his life. His stepmother later confessed that she had known that Sheila and her son were mocking him. The bitterness made Adam try to commit suicide. His younger sister walked in just as he had finished taking an entire bottle of sleeping pills. He never forgave her for saving his life. Counseling helped take away his suicidal thoughts. Instead of hurting himself because of the social rejection, he decided to punish his oppressors. In his eyes, all good looking women were trouble. His stepmother had made him hate himself and regret being born. The girl who mocked him and hurt his feelings by insulting his sincerity. His younger sister had prolonged his sufferings by saving his life. His mother had taken custody of his siblings instead of fighting for him. Looking at how all the women in his life and contributed to his suffering, regardless of whether this was done willingly or unwillingly, Adam was determined to take revenge. He worked had to succeed in his career as an auditor in a governmental agency. He lived comfortably in the city and never lacked anything. He seemed friendly to all those who knew him. His warmth towards people was merely an act to hide what he felt about women and society in general. Adam fits in the category of organized serial killers. This is illustrated by the fact that he is socially stable and intelligent (Silkes, 2018). Adams psychological development can be explained using Erik Eriksons theory. Looking at the first stage of trust versus mistrust, Adam was able to trust people since he experienced love and care during his early childhood. This is why he did not suspect anything when Sheila approached him. The second psychosocial stage is autonomy versus shame and doubt. This is where the child gains independence by having choices. Adam was insulted and mistreated by his stepmother because of his looks; he became ashamed of himself. During the third stage of initiative versus guilt, Adam was able to become initiative. Forced by his circumstances and the societal rejection, he had to find a way to become successful so that people will not have other reasons to look down upon him. This creativity is demonstrated in his crime scenes which he was always able to recreate. The fourth psychosocial stage of industry versus inferiority explains Adams inferiority complex. The rejection he suffered made him want to take control of his victims to feel better about himself.Stage five which deals with identity versus confusion explains the life Adam lived and why he chose it. He was unable to find his true identity since what everybody said about him was different from what he wanted to think about himself. For this reason, he felt insecure, lost and did not know his place in this world. This is why he did not have a concrete plan for his future, which is indicated by the fact that he did not get married. The sixth stage involves intimacy versus isolation. Adam was unable to form relationships with people his age in high school and college. At home, he did not have a good relationship with his stepmother and her children. Women always rejected him. This made him feel alone and isolated. He was unable to form any relationships. When his neighbors d isplayed kindness, he smiled and pretended to enjoy their warmth but deep inside he felt that they were all hypocrites. The seventh stage of generativity versus stagnation explains Adams involvement in community activities. Even though a part of him wanted to prevent suspicion, he also wanted to take part in the activities as he had developed a sense of purpose. Although he felt disconnected from the people, he enjoyed the activities they took part in.The eighth stage is the integrity versus despair. Looking at the life he had lived, and what he was going through in prison, Adam felt that he had no hope for a better future. He knew that he would always be mistreated and looked down upon. It is this despair that pushed him to end his life (Sokol, 2009). Adam managed to hide his crimes for about three years. During this period he pretended to be a law-abiding citizen who nobody could suspect. Everybody in his community respected him. When asked why he was not married, he always said that he had a wife and two children who lived in his hometown taking care of his sickly mother. As a respected civil servant, people bought his story without asking any more questions. To hide his criminal activities, he committed more crimes. Anybody who suspected him or saw him kidnapping a woman was shot on the spot. As a rich man, he was able to bribe police officers who knew of his presence at some of the places where the girls went missing. Adam always ensured that he did not leave anything that can lead back to him on the crime scene. On 20th September 2016, Adam was arrested for the murder of Jane Paul 23, and Suzie Daniel 19. Body parts of these two victims were found and some old cars at Adams junkyard which he ran as a part-time job. The victims were found by a 20-year-old homeless man who wanted to steal some spare parts to sell. On seeing the bodies, the boy ran away screaming, and the passers-by came to see what was going on. The passers-by called the police. Forensic analysis was used to identify the victims and their cause of death.Thorough investigations were conducted to determine who killed the two women. Police records showed that the victims body shapes and sizes marched those of several missing women in the estate and neighboring towns. Adams junkyard became a total mess as the police dug looking for more bodies. Human bones and some other decaying bodies were discovered. The police then got a warrant to search his house where they found seven women locked in cages. When Adam realized that the wome n had been found, he still could not watch them leave. He torched his house with the officers and victims inside. Luckily for them, they all escaped with minor burns. Upon his arrest, Adam knew that he had no escape. He confessed to the kidnapping of several women, one of whom was his sister. He also gave up the names of the officers who asked him for bribe whenever he was a suspect in a case. Adam was sentenced to 150 years in prison, three in solitary confinement. Almost all serial killers have certain reasons why they choose their victims as well as where. Some victims are randomly chosen while others are chosen based on a certain pattern or characteristics (Crane 2017). Adams victims are pretty women between the ages of 15-30years. They are slim and tall. Color is not a consideration though high cheekbones make the women appear more attractive in his eyes. The color of the hair does not matter so long as the hair is long. He picks his victims from dark alleys in his neighborhoods. He also picks prostitutes and strippers who match his taste. For the prostitutes and strippers, he picks them in a taxi on their way home pretending to be a taxi driver. Sometimes he attends the alcoholics anonymous meetings where he picks lonely depressed women seeking help and new hope in the meetings. When he picks his victims, normally on Fridays and Tuesdays, he drugs them and takes them to his home. When they regain consciousness, he makes sexual advances at them, but his looks make them turn him down. The rejection awakens an emotional part of him and his desire to be wanted increases. He gives them another chance to kiss him and have sex with him. If the woman still says no, she is taken to a room in the basement and locked in a cage. In the cages, the women are forced to stay naked as their clothes are burned to ashes. With no clothes, the hopes of escaping diminish and the woman cries herself to sleep. Food is supplied once a day, and the victim stays in the cage until the day he decides to punish her. It was later discovered that Adams victims looked like Sheila. The ritual and signature in a serial killers crime scene are fantasy-driven. In serial sexual homicides, there is a repetitive behavior observed in several cases. Unnecessary activities are done by the serial killer like taking something of little value from the victim and torturing them have been associated with the perpetrators sexual fantasies. The murders, on the other hand, are related to the arousal pattern of the sexual offenders (Schlesinger et al.). Adams case is no different. Before sexually violating his victims, he takes nude photos with them which he later hangs on his bedroom wall. He makes his victims walk on all fours calling his name. They are supposed to beg for his attention as they sing songs praising him. His emotional needs cannot be satisfied by the admiration of one woman. Each time, he takes two women from their cages, and in a secluded room, he forces them to fight for their lives. They are supposed to strangle each other until one dies. He promises that if one kills the other as a sign of her love for him, her life will be spared. If any two chosen women refused to strangle each other or follow in of his owners, he shoots them right away. The one who strangles her colleague and remains alive does not know that more pain and suffering await her. She is brutally raped before Adam burns her private parts with an iron bar. The victim is then stabbed to death. Adam writes the victims name on the wall using her blood. He then licks some of the blood which he finds to be a source of his strength. He likes keeping the bras of his victims as souvenirs to remind himself of his conquest. This indicates that he is in the category of power/control serial killer (Bonn, 2018). The arrest of Adam came as a surprise to his neighbors. At first, they thought it was a mistake. However, those who witnessed what happened on the day he was arrested knew that it was all true. Those whose daughters had suffered in the hands of this serial killer demanded justice. They believed that only his punishment would allow their daughters to rest in peace. His parents, except for his stepmother tried to defend him thinking that he was framed. It is only after his confession that they realized that he was guilty. They pleaded with the victims families to forgive their son, but when they realized that he had done the same to his sister as punishment for saving his life, they were convinced that their son was not mentally stable. The police said that Adam was a sexually motivated serial killer who had a high record of killings. They had been looking for him for very long, and they were happy that the mystery man was finally behind bars. In prison, Adam was sexually molested by his inmates. He used to get regular beatings as well as have his food eaten by other. Life in prison reminded him of his childhood and adolescence when others mistreated him. He could not imagine living like that for the rest of his life. He snatched a guards gun and shot himself to end his life. Suicide is common for more than 5 percent of serial killers especially those from dysfunctional homes (Lester White, 2012). Looking at Adams life with his family and how he died, it is correct to conclude that these statistics are true.

Nuclear Energy Nuclear And Non Renewable Sources Of Energy

Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy has always been considered as one of the best options to replace petroleum and other non-renewable sources of energy since the scientific research begin on it more than half a century ago. With the passage of time, scientists came up with ideas and systems to utilize this energy practically for the benefit of the mankind so that it can be an alternate to the non-renewable sources of energy adding to that some other uses as well (eg. Nuclear medicine). This off course is an engineering task and as a matter of fact scientists do not consider it as their first choice of research. In the following sections, we will see what are the major barriers that the Nuclear energy professionals have to face in next 50 years. The Challenges Each and every challenge that arises to the nuclear industry comes from a very well-known energy related trouble that the world is facing, i.e., to go for a sustainable and clean form of energy which could replace petroleum products. And as the world population grows, this challenge becomes even tougher as more and more fuel is needed for being utilized by the people, which makes it a problem that is to be resolved at a great pace. Some people think that we can never be short of petroleum and other related product, however, scientists, researchers and other more qualified people know how much serious it can get if proper attention is not given in this issue. The amount of oil that is being consumed by the world today isShow MoreRelatedNuclear Energy Vs. Renewable Energy1102 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscovery of nuclear energy, it has remained the most powerful energy source to this day. Despite its superiority in energy efficiency and safety to the environment, fossil fuels are the dominant source of energy in the United States. 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Although renewable sources have not yet been exploited to their maximum, their use has been increasing since the 1960’s. T he main renewable energy sources are Wind, Geothermal, and Solar energy. Contrary to renewable sources, non-renewable sources lead in the production of electricity and other forms of energy. For non-renewable sources, Fossil fuel and Coal are the

My own Leadership Journey Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the My own Leadership Journey. Answer: My own leadership Journey Leadership is perhaps the key factor for the growth and development of a successful individual. I always had a kind of team spirit within me. I was very much inclined towards any kind of group work. To begin with I would like to talk about my grandfather. He made sure that each and every member of our family is happy and comfortable. He made sure to talk with each and every one of us individually and regularly. He tried his level best to solve the problems of each of the family members and he made sure to encourage everyone of us at every aspect of life. After growing up, finishing up with my education and then joining my job as a senior manager in one of the top MNCs, I have been able to understand and implement all the leadership styles in a better and prominent way (Day et al., 2014). Deriving lessons from my childhood, I have seen that being a leader, I must make sure to initiate proper communication within my team. According to my perception, having a proper communication with e ach other, helps in removing half of the obstacles from the progress path of a team. As a leader, my first responsibility is to see that none of my team members are demotivated at any point of time. Leadership Theories There are many theories of leadership as well that have been influential in my life Great man theory The main belief of this theory is that the individuals born with some great inherent qualities can become successful leaders in their lives. This is because according to this theory, leaders are not made but are born. Though I had the team spirit and the desire of leading several teams in my School and college levels but I do not quite believe this theory. This is because of the fact that there are still many aspects of leadership that I have learnt over time and not right from my birth. Trait theory This theory again is of the belief that there are some inborn traits or specific characteristic features that are present in many individuals by birth. However I havent found this theory to be applicable in my case because this theory has always failed to answer the question that then how is we to categorize those people who contain these qualities but are not leaders. Hence, I cannot highlight any such traits within me right from my birth that has made be an ideal leader (Day et al., 2014). Contingency theory This theory is very much similar to the situational theory which says that any good leader will know which quality to apply and what situation. I find this theory to be somewhat influential in my case because I always try to act as per the requirements of the situation. Situation theory According to my perception, this theory is also very much influential for any and every leaders. I find this theory to be quite applicable in my present job role. I have to take decisions and act as per the demands of the situation. In other words, I have to carry on the method of situational behavior and alter my decisions or my behaviors accordingly. Behavioral theory I often like to go by this theory as it believes that great leaders are not born but are made. This theory believes that people can be good leaders despite of having some physical or mental disabilities. This theory focuses on the actions of the leaders and not on their physical and mental conditions. Management theories This theory is very much business oriented in nature and depends mainly on the principles of rewards and punishments based in the performance of the followers. I find this theory to be kind of well suited to the business purposes but I believe in order to be a good leader one must also know how to be very close to his or her followers not only in the professional field but also in terms of emotion. Transformational or relationship theory This theory has been the most influencing in my case because as the every name suggests, transformational leaders are them who always try to create change within the organization and within the followers as well. In other orders I always focus my leadership qualities to inspire and motivate my flowers. I always keep in mind that my actions must be such so that it can work for the general well being and progress of the team. However I know that this change must be brought not only in the team but also within my individual teammates. Hence, I try to ,motivate and inspire each and every team member separately so that they can recognize their open individual strengths and make use of their highest potential (Neal, Boutselis Bennett 2016). My personality type as per the MyersBriggs Type Indicator (MBTI) :ISF As per my own perceptions, I am an ISFJ personality type. Being a good leader always brings a lot of responsibilities and challenges. I believe that the first important thing that I must do as a leader is to have a sound sense of duty. If I am not dutiful enough towards my work and my followers, then I can never expect the same from them. I always keep in mind that these are not only my followers whom I should guide in the work field in order to increase the productivity of the organization (Adams, Campbell Deming., 2017). As a leader I must maintain some other duties as well like supporting them emotionally. Once it so happened, that I was extremely sick and was asked to take complete bed rest. At the same time I had a board meeting with foreign delegates. This was a meeting for which my team mates had been working hard and putting in all their effort for a long time. I have seen them working with all their dedication by even skiing their meals, their break times and their holidays (OKeeffe, Ozuem Lancaster., 2016). They have done this not only for their own personal benefit but for me as well. So I realized that no matter how much sick I am, I cannot let the hard work of my followers go in vain. So, I plucked up my strength and took my medicines and went to the meeting. This was because I knew that this meeting would not have been possible without me. My team mates would have felt very much neglected. I could not let this happen at any cost ( Clauss?Ehlers Parham 2014).Being a leader I kept in mind that I need duty comes first than everything else. It was my duty to be with followers through thick and thin and to guide them always. Leaders who are influential in my life Here, I would like about two most important people and great icons that have helped me in shaping my leadership skills. The first is the famous US President Franklin D Roosevelt, who has guided the entire nation towards peace and progress. However, the fact about him that has always inspired me a great deal is his will power and his sense of duty towards his followers and his nation. He was rendered paralyzed down his waist and had to use a wheelchair known as the FDR throughout. Another such example is that of Nick Vujicic. He was born with a very rare kind of disease (McCleskey, 2014). He was born without legs and arms. However inspite of having such major difficulties he is today a very renowned painter, an artist and a motivational speaker. He motivates the common public so that they can thrive all the major difficulties in life. Thus I have learned from the case of Nick Vujicic, that there is nothing called as inborn or inherent leadership traits. Leaders like nick Vujicic has m ade me realize that the theories like trait theory and great man theory are really quite pointless in the real world. Feedback given by my partner The feedback given by my partner regarding my leadership journey and my current challenges has also been very helpful. According to him I have been able to develop the 4 types of organizational culture very well within me. Name of cultures Roles associated Power culture I have been able to maintain the dignity and personality associated with my position of a leader. Role culture I have been able to efficiently carry on with my role of guiding and supporting all my followers Task culture I have been able to initiate the smoothness, and speed, accuracy and also the efficiency within all the projects undertaken my group (followers) in the organization. Person culture However, I need to develop or change the take of my followers in this particular field. Improvement area: Inculcating Cultural Leadership As per the feedback given by my partner I need to improve in the person culture part, which basically talks about the values and the principles that are inculcated by me within my followers. The challenge that I have been facing is a kind of disparity, misunderstanding or discrimination going on between many of the team mates or the followers based on different cultural differences. These differences are arising because of the many varied reasons. As all of my team mates are from different national or cultural backgrounds they are often having problems in adjusting with each other. As their leader I had to help them deal with this problem. Principles of cultural intelligence I decided to follow the principles of cultural intelligence Cognitive level I explained and trained all my followers that they are a team and the mantra of team progress is respect for each other. I made them communicate with each other as much as possible by engaging them as small groups in many projects. This would enable them to interact with each other, understand each bothers customs and practices (OKeeffe, Ozuem Lancaster., 2016). Physical level I made sure to inculcate the very basic and common values of peer learning and peer respect within my followers. The first and foremost thing I did was to select a common dress code for the entire team; this at once would bring the feeling of unity within them. I made it mandatory that whenever they come across each other within the organization they must greet each other with a little smile, a greet or a slight pat on the back. Emotional level I also made sure that none of my followers are misbehaving among themselves or hurting the emotions and sentiments of each other. I trained them to be good listeners first and then a speaker. They must know how to respect each other and work together as a team (Neal, Boutselis Bennett 2016). National and organizational culture As I have to maintain a team that comprises of so many people coming from so many different backgrounds I also have to imbibe some aspects of the national and organizational culture. I have tried and imbibed within them some of the universal positivity and negativities. As a modern leader, I must know how to adjust with all my followers who are coming from so many different backgrounds. In order to do this I have to make sure that all the other members working within the organization are also able to adjust easily with their colleagues irrespective of the cultural or global differences. I have inculcated within myself the following principles in order to cope up with the other employees of many band varied cultures (McCleskey, 2014). Universal positivity I have tried my level best to gain the trust of my followers I always try to stay honest in any and every endeavors Motivational I consider it as one of my prime duty to motivate my followers throughout. Universal negativities There are some of the traits that I try to avoid. They are Ruthless Dictatorial Egocentric Irritable As a leader I must always try to appear friendly and frank with my followers rather than being bossy or doctorial. Apart from this, I always try to be one among them I believe unless I see things through their eyes I will never be able to help them or sort out their problems. I must give my egos in order to understand them. If I always try to prove myself superior then I will turn out to be extremely irritable to my fellow followers. They will no longer respect me or obey them. I believe in the values of respect and politeness rather than dictating and dominating (OKeeffe, Ozuem Lancaster., 2016). Culturally contingent leadership qualities In order to act as leader in a global cross cultural environment I have to make sure that I follow some of the culturally contingent leadership qualities like that of Sincerity Logical Sensitive Class conscious Ambitious In order to initiate a proper communication between me and all my followers I have started many new programs and campaigns. These programs would talk about the advantages of speaking freely with one another. I also believe that interacting with employees belonging from so many different cultural backgrounds will also enable in making many new and innovative products and production techniques within the organization. References Adams, L. T., Campbell, J., Deming, K. (2017). Diversity: A key aspect of 21st century faculty roles as implemented in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholars program.Nursing Outlook,65(3), 267-277. Clauss?Ehlers, C. S., Parham, W. D. (2014). Landscape of diversity in higher education: Linking demographic shifts to contemporary university and college counseling center practices.Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development,42(2), 69-76. Cuervo Castro, N. S. (2016). Multicultural work environment as a key in cross-cultural negotiations and organizations performance: Canada overview. Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., McKee, R. A. (2014). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 63-82. Grimm, B. L., Watanabe?Galloway, S., Britigan, D. H., Schumaker, A. M. (2015). A qualitative analysis to determine the domains and skills necessary to lead in public health.Journal of Leadership Studies,8(4), 19-26. 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